D202 Human Growth and Development - Set 3 - Part 1

Correct Answer: Level of control and responsiveness of parents

Baumrind's parenting model primarily focuses on the degree of control and responsiveness that parents show toward their children, resulting in different parenting styles.

Correct Answer: Authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, uninvolved

Baumrind identified four key parenting styles: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved, which differ based on the levels of responsiveness and control.

Correct Answer: No, parents tend to fall somewhere in between styles

While Baumrind's model categorizes parenting into four styles, most parents show behaviors that fall between these styles rather than adhering strictly to one.

Correct Answer: It affects a child's behavior and expression of emotions

Culture plays a significant role in shaping child-parent relationships by influencing the ways children express emotions and how parents manage their behavior.

Correct Answer: Basic and self-conscious emotions

Basic emotions, like happiness and sadness, are universal and instinctual, while self-conscious emotions, like pride and guilt, develop later and require self-awareness.

Correct Answer: Primary emotions

Basic emotions, or primary emotions, are universal and appear early in life, including emotions like happiness, sadness, anger, and fear.

Correct Answer: Secondary emotions

Self-conscious emotions, or secondary emotions, such as embarrassment and guilt, develop later and require an understanding of social rules and self-awareness.

Correct Answer: They help soothe infants and regulate their emotions

Caregivers play an essential role in helping infants regulate their emotional states by providing comfort and soothing them when distressed.

Correct Answer: They can tolerate more stimulation

As the prefrontal cortex develops, infants become better at regulating their emotional and cognitive responses, which allows them to tolerate more environmental stimulation.

Correct Answer: Into attachment style groups

Children are often categorized into different attachment style groups, such as secure, avoidant, and ambivalent, based on their behavior in relation to their caregivers.

Correct Answer: Anxiety, depression, PTSD, lower IQ, obesity, impaired immune system functioning

Prolonged separation from parents during childhood can lead to a range of emotional and physical risks, including anxiety, depression, and even lower cognitive function.

Correct Answer: 1950s

The differentiation between sex (biological differences) and gender (social and cultural roles) began to be formally recognized and studied in the 1950s.

Correct Answer: Sex refers to biological differences, while gender refers to social and cultural roles

Sex refers to the physiological and biological characteristics that distinguish males from females, while gender refers to the roles and behaviors that societies and cultures expect from individuals based on their sex.

Correct Answer: Interest, happiness, anger, fear, surprise, sadness, and disgust

Basic emotions, which appear early in development and are universally recognized, include happiness, anger, sadness, and others.

Correct Answer: Envy, pride, shame, guilt, doubt, and embarrassment

Self-conscious emotions, such as pride and guilt, develop later in childhood and are linked to an individual's sense of self and social awareness.

Correct Answer: High control, high responsiveness

Authoritative parents provide a balance of high expectations and support, creating an environment that fosters both structure and independence.

Correct Answer: High control, low responsiveness

Authoritarian parents are strict and expect obedience, but they offer little warmth or emotional support, leading to lower emotional well-being in children.

Correct Answer: Low control, high responsiveness

Permissive parents are nurturing and responsive but offer little discipline, which can lead to impulsive behavior and difficulties with self-control in children.

Correct Answer: Low control, low responsiveness

Uninvolved parents provide minimal supervision or support, often resulting in children feeling neglected and experiencing emotional or behavioral difficulties.

Correct Answer: Physiological differences among male, female, and intersex bodies

Sex refers to the biological and physiological differences that define individuals as male, female, or intersex.