D469 Quality, Continuous Improvement, and Lean Six Sigma - Set 1 - Part 1

Correct Answer: Efficiency, Consistency

Lean focuses on efficiency by eliminating waste and delays, while Six Sigma focuses on consistency and reducing variation in processes to improve quality.

Correct Answer: 3.4

Six Sigma aims for a process that results in only 3.4 defects per million opportunities, which is considered nearly perfect.

Correct Answer: Variance

The standard deviation measures the amount of variation or dispersion of data points from the mean.

Correct Answer: S-chart

The S-chart is used to monitor process variation when the sample size is larger than 12, tracking the standard deviation of the samples.

Correct Answer: A sample mean outside the UCL and LCL but the process mean has not shifted

An Alpha error occurs when a sample mean falls outside the control limits even though the process is in control.

Correct Answer: Taking 5 or more preliminary samples

The shortcut formula for R-chart control limits relies on using preliminary samples to calculate the average range.

Correct Answer: Reducing defects

Six Sigma aims to reduce defects by focusing on improving processes to meet near-perfect quality standards.

Correct Answer: SIPOC Diagram

The SIPOC Diagram is used to identify suppliers, inputs, processes, outputs, and customers, making it ideal for understanding inputs and outputs.

Correct Answer: Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control

DMAIC stands for Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control, a methodology used in Six Sigma projects.

Correct Answer: Costs increase as a process deviates from its target

The Taguchi Loss Function implies that as a process drifts away from its target, the losses to the company increase.

Correct Answer: 0.01

A p-value of 0.01 suggests that the variable is significant at the 0.05 level, meaning there is strong evidence against the null hypothesis.

Correct Answer: One-sample t-test

A one-sample t-test is used to determine whether a sample mean significantly differs from a target mean.

Correct Answer: Efficiency by minimizing waste

Lean focuses on improving efficiency by eliminating waste, delays, and errors in the process.

Correct Answer: If the coefficient is significant

In regression, the p-value of a variable determines whether its coefficient significantly contributes to the model.

Correct Answer: Kaizen

Kaizen refers to continuous improvement by making small, incremental changes over time.

Correct Answer: Pareto Chart

A Pareto Chart helps identify and prioritize the most frequent causes of a problem by plotting the frequency of defects.

Correct Answer: To identify steps in a job, operation, or process

A Process Flowchart visually represents the steps involved in a process to identify inefficiencies or areas for improvement.

Correct Answer: Rolled Throughput Yield

Rolled Throughput Yield (RTY) measures the probability that a process will produce defect-free units through all its steps without any rework.

Correct Answer: Internal costs occur before the product reaches the customer, while external costs occur after

Internal failure costs occur before the product reaches the customer (e.g., scrap, rework), while external failure costs occur after (e.g., warranty claims, returns).

Correct Answer: Sustaining improvements

The Control phase ensures that the improvements made during the DMAIC process are maintained over time.